托福听力中,有哪些常见的定义/解释信号词?
托福听力中,定义 / 解释信号词是破解生词、抓取核心概念的关键(教授提到陌生术语后,一定会用这些信号词引出通俗解释),以下按 “高频程度 + 场景适配” 分类整理,纯文字表述方便记忆,可直接在听力中套用:
一、核心高频信号词(80% 场景必现,直接紧跟定义)
这类信号词后会直接给出直白解释,是最易捕捉的 “破题词”:
- That is / That is to say(也就是说):比如教授说 “The term ‘cognition’—that is, the mental process of thinking and understanding”,后面直接解释 “认知是思考和理解的心理过程”,不用纠结 “cognition” 的拼写,记 “思考 + 理解” 即可。
- In other words(换句话说):常用于把复杂概念简化,比如 “It’s a ‘symbiotic relationship’; in other words, two organisms live together and depend on each other”,核心是 “两种生物共生依存”。
- Which means(这意味着):通过结果或属性解释,比如 “The planet is ‘habitable’, which means it has conditions suitable for life”,直接推断 “habitable 是宜居的”。
- Basically(本质上 / 基本上):聚焦核心属性,比如 “This theory is basically a way to explain how species adapt to their environment”,即 “该理论是解释物种适应环境的方式”。
- Essentially(本质上):和 basically 用法相近,更侧重学术定义,比如 “Essentially, ‘erosion’ is the process of rock being worn down by water or wind”,核心是 “侵蚀是岩石被水 / 风磨损的过程”。
- Simply put / To put it simply(简单来说):极度通俗的解释,适合破解难词,比如 “Simply put, ‘photosynthesis’ is how plants make food from sunlight”,直接 get “光合作用是植物靠阳光制造养分”。
二、补充说明类信号词(扩展解释,补充细节)
这类信号词后会用 “具体说明、进一步澄清” 帮你理解,常搭配例子或限定条件:
- Specifically(具体来说):缩小范围,明确定义边界,比如 “The study focuses on ‘primary pollutants’—specifically, those released directly into the air by factories”,即 “一次污染物是工厂直接排放到空气中的物质”。
- In particular(尤其 / 特别):通过突出案例强化理解,比如 “Many animals use ‘mimicry’; in particular, some butterflies look like toxic species to avoid predators”,核心是 “拟态是模仿其他物种(如蝴蝶模仿有毒物种)”。
- I mean(我的意思是):口语化解释,常见于对话或讲座中,比如 “He’s a ‘neurobiologist’—I mean, he studies the nervous system of humans and animals”,直接知道 “神经生物学家研究人和动物的神经系统”。
- What I’m trying to say is(我想说的是):强调核心解释,避免误解,比如 “What I’m trying to say is that ‘inflation’ is when prices of goods and services rise over time”,即 “通货膨胀是物价随时间上涨”。
- To clarify(为了澄清):纠正可能的误解,补充完整定义,比如 “To clarify, ‘anthropology’ is not just about studying ancient cultures—it also includes modern societies”,明确 “人类学研究古今文化”。
三、举例 / 类比类信号词(用熟悉事物反推定义)
通过例子或类比让抽象术语具象化,信号词后紧跟的内容是推断核心:
- For example / For instance(例如):最常用的举例信号,比如 “Some materials are ‘conductive’—for example, copper and silver can carry electricity”,通过 “铜、银能导电” 推断 “conductive 是导电的”。
- Such as(比如):直接列举同类事物,比如 “The course covers ‘humanities’ such as literature, history, and philosophy”,即 “人文学科包括文学、历史、哲学等”。
- Take…as an example(以…… 为例):聚焦具体案例展开,比如 “Take ‘amensalism’ as an example: a tree shades a small plant, preventing it from growing, but the tree is unaffected”,推断 “偏害共生是一方受害、一方无影响的关系”。
- Like / Similar to(像 / 类似于):用熟悉概念类比,比如 “‘Magnetism’ is similar to gravity—it’s an invisible force that attracts objects”,通过 “引力” 类比 “磁力是无形的吸引力”。
- Just as / In the same way(正如 / 同样):通过类比强化逻辑,比如 “Just as a compass points north, ‘navigation’ in birds uses the Earth’s magnetic field”,即 “鸟类导航像指南针一样利用地磁场”。
四、学术场景专属信号词(正式定义学科术语)
多出现于讲座引入新知识点时,表述更严谨,是主旨题高频考点:
- Is defined as(被定义为):标准学术定义句式,比如 “In chemistry, ‘catalyst’ is defined as a substance that speeds up a reaction without being changed itself”,即 “催化剂是加速反应且自身不变的物质”。
- Refers to(指的是):明确术语所指对象,比如 “The term ‘manifest destiny’ refers to the 19th-century belief that the US should expand across North America”,即 “天定命运论是 19 世纪美国应横跨北美扩张的信念”。
- Can be described as(可以被描述为):侧重属性描述,比如 “This phenomenon can be described as ‘bioluminescence’—the ability of some organisms to produce light”,即 “生物发光是某些生物产生光的能力”。
- Is characterized by(以…… 为特征):通过核心特征定义,比如 “A ‘democratic system’ is characterized by free elections and equal rights for citizens”,即 “民主制度以自由选举和公民平等为特征”。
听力实用技巧
- 听到这些信号词时,立刻聚焦后面的内容,不用记生词拼写,只记 “解释的核心关键词”(比如 “habitable = 适合生命”);
- 主旨题常对应 “学术场景专属信号词” 后的定义(比如教授用 “is defined as” 解释的术语,大概率是讲座主题);
- 细节题问 “术语含义” 时,直接定位信号词后的解释或例子,不用过度推理。
